上一期我们谈到了口语四项评分标准中的lexical resources（词汇多样性）; pronunciation（发音）; 接下来我们看grammatical range and accuracy（语法多样性及准确性）与fluency and coherence（流利性与连贯性）两项评分标准。
本文将从上述两项口语的能力要求解读以及如何准备两方面给出合理化的建议。
一、两项评分标准对应的能力要求
首先我们来了解一下上述评分标准的具体含义：
语法多样性包括在表达过程中使用各种不同的复杂句型结构，这些句子包含多个信息点（每个简单句只包含一个信息点），也就是说雅思口语评分标准要求学生使用一定量的包含多个信息的复杂句型，例如从句。以官网给出的如下示范句型为例：
Just beside the station was a stadium, which was built in the 19th century, and where games are now held every weekend.
该句子包含了如下多个信息：
a)The stadium is beside the station;
b)The stadium was built in the 19th century;
c)Games are now held every weekend in the stadium.
对于准确性，评分标准对学生的要求并不需要达到语法100%的准确，但是对准确性的把控十分重要。雅思口语7分对这一项的评分的描述是“虽然反复出现一些语法错误，但是语句通常正确无误”。其中准确性不仅体现在语法错误出现的次数，还体现在这些语法错误造成的沟通理解障碍的严重程度。
流利度与连贯性是指语言表达详尽的能力。同时在表达的过程中没有不自然的停顿或者重复使用相同的词。那么什么叫语言表达详尽呢？请看如下例句；
Interviewer: What do you do?
Student: I’m a teacher.
这样的回答显然没有达到雅思口语speak at length的要求。但是如果说的具体一点，将回答改成: I have been a high school mathematics teacher in New York for over 5 years.就达到了语言表达详尽的能力要求。
与此同时，流利度与连贯性要求考生符合逻辑地陈述观点以及适当地语言指示的能力，还包括表达观点就你的见解进行辩护的能力，就出现的话题进行讨论和推测。语义指示？官方给出的解释是指在表达过程中使用可以表明你思维发展方向的词或短语，也就是我们所了解的逻辑连接词。因此语法多样性及准确性实际上是要求考生能符合逻辑地陈述观点，并使用恰当的逻辑连接词。
那么根据上述要求我们来看一下相应级别的雅思口语考试评分标准对口语能力的划分。
表1 雅思口语考试评分标准
|
留预级别 |
雅思 |
口语要求 |
|
|
|
|
grammatical range and accuracy |
fluency and coherence |
|
1级 |
0~3 |
尝试使用基本句型，但准确度有限，或依赖预先背诵的几句话 除预先背诵的内容外，错误很多。 |
仅能简单作答，且经常无法表达基本意思; 表达过程中出现长时间停顿； 连接简单句的能力有限； |
|
2级 |
3.5~4.5 |
能使用基本句型并正确使用一些简单句型，但极少使用从句，常出现错误，且会造成误解。 |
作答有明显停顿，且语速有时缓慢，出现频繁重复及自我纠正； 能连接简单句子，但重复使用简单的连接词，有时缺乏连贯性。 |
|
3级 |
4.5~5.5 |
能使用基本的句型，且具有合理的准确性; 使用有限的复杂句式结构，但通常会出错，且会造成某些理解困难。 |
通常能保持流利，但需通过重复、自我纠正及/或降低语速来维持表达； 过度使用某些连接词及语篇标记； 能用简单的语言进行流利的表达，但在进行更为复杂的交流时则表达不畅。 |
|
4级 |
5.5~6.5 |
结合使用简单与复杂的句型，但灵活性有限； 使用复杂结构时经常出现错误，尽管这些错误极少造成理解困难。 |
表现出充分交流的意愿，但有时由于偶尔的重复、自我纠正或犹豫而缺乏连贯性； 能使用一系列连接词及语篇标记，但无法保持一贯恰当。 |
二、如何准备口语结班测
针对不同级别的不同要求，下面给出针对性的复习备考意见
1.如何提高语法多样性和准确性
在留预阶段，准确掌握时态是提高语法准确性的关键。口语中的部分问题可能会问到过去的事情，因此知道如何表达过去发生的事件以及熟练掌握动词的相关形式是很有必要的。例如，在回答问题What did you do at work today?时，需要注意谓语动词did，因为它问的是过去的事情，回答需要使用过去时Today I wrote a business brief.
过去时态动词的形式主要是动词的过去式和过去分词，然而两者的区别是过去式可以独立做谓语，用于一般过去式，而动词过去分词不可以。那么试想一下write，come，catch，build这四个词的过去式和过去分词，你都会写吗？
其实我们常用的动词都是不规则动词，因此积累是十分必要的，那么我们一起来检查一下上面4个单词的过去式和过去分词：
|
原型 |
过去式 |
过去分词 |
|
write |
wrote |
written |
|
come |
came |
come |
|
catch |
caught |
caught |
|
build |
built |
built |
为了方便大家复习，在本文的附录部分附有一张不规则动词表，那么就从现在开始积累起来吧。
2.如何提高流利度与连贯性
为了达到流利度与连贯性中speak at length的目的，我们可以考虑从如下几个方面入手：
例如，当谈论symptoms of having the fear of public speaking这一话题时，我们可以从上述几方面找到更多的语料：
|
viewpoint |
symptoms are different for everyone. |
|
examples |
some people may have a racing heart, difficulty breathing and sick feeling. |
|
contrast |
While others may feel powerless even start to panic. |
|
reasons |
serious fear of public speaking impairs us. |
|
result |
it is the number one fear people have and it is even more common than the fear of dying. |
再将这些语料用合理的逻辑连解析连接起来，就达到了speak at length的要求了。对于逻辑连接词，其实在留预听说三级中，我们就已经接触到了，而在前面的分析中谈到逻辑连接词有助于考生有逻辑地表达自己的观点。
下面就一起来复习一下吧！
|
三级U3L1 |
reasons |
…since.... /for the reason that |
|
三级U3L1 |
effects |
therefore / consequently / hence / thus, ... |
|
三级U4L1 |
compare and contrast |
but, however, unlike…/ in contrast/ while / whereas |
|
三级U2L1 |
examples |
for example, for instance, to illustrate such as, like, |
|
三级U6L1 |
further explanations |
let me explain...; let me elaborate… |
将这些语料用合理的逻辑连解析连接起来，What are the symptoms of having the fear of public speaking？的回答就是：
For the fear of public speaking, symptoms are different for everyone. (举例) For instance, some people may have a racing heart, difficulty breathing and sick feeling. (对照)While others may feel powerless even start to panic.(原因) The reason for this is that serious fear of public speaking impairs us. (结果) As a result，it is the number one fear people have and it is even more common than the fear of dying.
最后，练习是提高流利度的关键，在准备考试时可以对不同的话题的内容进行录音，再回放出来，寻找自己表述过程中的连接表达方式（linking expressions），是否出现犹豫（hesitation）,重复使用的词汇（words you may be repeating）以及语速放慢的地方（time when your speech is slow）。
三、总结
其实留预口语结班测的准备不应是仅仅只在考试前，而应该是在平时每一节课的课后复习中。练习是提高语法多样性和准确性及流利度与连贯性的关键，并没有什么捷径可取。课后练习的时候可以对自己的口语练习进行录音并重放来寻找自己的错误以及可以改善的地方。同时在口语表达中，出现错误也无需担忧，可以及时更正。
附录1：常用不规则动词表
1.AAA
|
动词原形 |
过去式 |
过去分词 |
现在分词 |
词义 |
|
broadcast |
broadcast |
broadcast |
~ |
广播.播放.播送 |
|
burst |
burst |
burst |
~ |
爆炸.突然发作 |
|
cost |
cost |
cost |
~ |
花费 |
|
cut |
cut |
cut |
cutting |
割，切 |
|
hurt |
hurt |
hurt |
~ |
受伤 |
|
hit |
hit |
hit |
hitting |
打，撞 |
|
let |
let |
let |
letting |
让 |
|
put |
put |
put |
putting |
放下 |
|
read |
read |
read |
~ |
读 |
|
rid |
rid/ridded |
rid/ridded |
ridding |
使摆脱.使去掉 |
|
set |
set |
set |
setting |
安排，安置 |
|
spread |
spread |
spread |
~ |
展开，传播，涂 |
|
spit |
spit/spat |
spit/spat |
spitting |
吐痰, |
|
shut |
shut |
shut |
shutting |
关上.停止营业 |
2.AAB
|
动词原形 |
过去式 |
过去分词 |
现在分词 |
词义 |
|
beat |
beat |
beaten |
~ |
打败 |
3.ABA
|
动词原形 |
过去式 |
过去分词 |
现在分词 |
词义 |
|
become |
became |
become |
becoming |
变 |
|
come |
came |
come |
coming |
来 |
|
run |
ran |
run |
running |
跑 |
|
overcome |
overcame |
overcome |
overcoming |
克服.战胜.征服 |
4.ABB
(1)在动词原形后加一个辅音字母d, t或ed构成过去式或过去分词。
|
动词原形 |
过去式 |
过去分词 |
现在分词 |
词义 |
|
burn |
burnt/burned |
burnt/burned |
~ |
燃烧 |
|
deal |
dealt |
dealt |
~ |
解决.处理.分配 |
|
dream |
reamed/dreamt |
dreamed/dreamt |
~ |
做梦 |
|
hear |
heard |
heard |
~ |
听见.听说 |
|
hang |
hanged/ hung |
hanged/ hung |
~ |
绞死，悬挂 |
|
learn |
learned/learnt |
learned/learnt |
~ |
学习 |
|
light |
lit/lighted |
lit/lighted |
~ |
点燃, 照亮 |
|
mean |
meant |
meant |
~ |
意思.意味.用意 |
|
prove |
proved |
proven/proved |
proving |
证明, 证实,试验 |
|
shine |
shone/shined |
shone/shined |
shining |
使照耀，使发光 |
|
show |
showed |
showed/shown |
~ |
展示, 给...看 |
|
smell |
smelled/smelt |
smelled/smelt |
~ |
闻, 嗅 |
|
speed |
sped/speeded |
sped/speeded |
~ |
加速 |
|
spell |
spelled/spelt |
spelled/spelt |
~ |
拼写 |
|
wake |
waked/woke |
waked/woken |
waking |
醒来，叫醒, 激发 |
(2)把动词原形的最后一个辅音字母“d”改为“t” 构成过去式或过去分词。
|
动词原形 |
过去式 |
过去分词 |
现在分词 |
词义 |
|
build |
built |
built |
~ |
建筑 |
|
bend |
bent |
bent |
~ |
弯曲.屈服 |
|
lend |
lent |
lent |
~ |
借给 |
|
rebuild |
rebuilt |
rebuilt |
~ |
改建, 重建 |
|
send |
sent |
sent |
~ |
送 |
|
spend |
spent |
spent |
~ |
花费 |
(3)原形→ought →ought
|
动词原形 |
过去式 |
过去分词 |
现在分词 |
词义 |
|
bring |
brought |
brought |
~ |
带来 |
|
buy |
bought |
bought |
~ |
买 |
|
fight |
fought |
fought |
~ |
打架.战斗 |
|
think |
thought |
thought |
~ |
思考,想 |
|
seek |
sought |
sought |
~ |
寻找.追求.搜索 |
(4)原形→aught →aught
|
动词原形 |
过去式 |
过去分词 |
现在分词 |
词义 |
|
catch |
caught |
caught |
~ |
捉,抓 |
|
teach |
taught |
taught |
~ |
教.教授 |
(5)变其中一个元音字母
|
动词原形 |
过去式 |
过去分词 |
现在分词 |
词义 |
|
awake |
awoke |
awoke/awoked |
awaking |
唤醒.唤起 |
|
dig |
dug |
dug |
digging |
挖掘.钻研.搜集 |
|
feed |
fed |
fed |
~ |
喂养.饲养 |
|
flee |
fled |
fled |
~ |
逃避.逃跑.消失 |
|
find |
found |
found |
~ |
发现，找到 |
|
get |
got |
got/gotten |
getting |
得到 |
|
hold |
held |
held |
~ |
拥有.握住 |
|
lead |
led |
led |
~ |
引导,领导 |
|
meet |
met |
met |
~ |
遇见 |
|
sit |
sat |
sat |
~ |
坐 |
|
shoot |
shot |
shot |
~ |
射击 |
|
spit |
spit/spat |
spit/spat |
spitting |
吐痰, |
|
stick |
stuck |
stuck |
~ |
刺入,粘住 |
|
strike |
struck/stricken |
struck |
striking |
撞击.冲击.罢工 |
|
win |
won |
won |
winning |
赢.获胜 |
(6)原形→□lt/pt/ft→□lt/pt/ft
|
动词原形 |
过去式 |
过去分词 |
现在分词 |
词义 |
|
feel |
felt |
felt |
~ |
感到 |
|
keep |
kept |
kept |
~ |
保持 |
|
leave |
left |
left |
leaving |
离开 |
|
sleep |
slept |
slept |
~ |
睡觉 |
|
sweep |
swept |
swept |
~ |
扫 |
|
weep |
wept |
wept |
~ |
哭泣.流泪.哀悼 |
(7)其它
|
动词原形 |
过去式 |
过去分词 |
现在分词 |
词义 |
|
lay |
laid |
laid |
~ |
下蛋, 放置 |
|
pay |
paid |
paid |
~ |
付款 |
|
say |
said |
said |
~ |
说.讲.表示 |
|
stand |
stood |
stood |
~ |
站 |
|
understand |
understood |
understood |
~ |
明白 |
|
lose |
lost |
lost |
losing |
失去 |
|
have |
had |
had |
having |
有.持有.从事 |
|
make |
made |
made |
making |
制造.安排.构成 |
|
sell |
sold |
sold |
~ |
卖 |
|
tell |
told |
told |
~ |
告诉 |
|
retell |
retold |
retold |
~ |
重复.复述 |
|
wind |
wound |
wound |
~ |
缠绕.转动.迂回 |
5.ABC
(1)原形→过去式→原形+(e)n
|
动词原形 |
过去式 |
过去分词 |
现在分词 |
词义 |
|
blow |
blew |
blown |
~ |
吹风.喘气.叫 |
|
drive |
drove |
driven |
driving |
驾驶 |
|
draw |
drew |
drawn |
~ |
画画.绘制.拖拽 |
|
eat |
ate |
eaten |
~ |
吃 |
|
fall |
fell |
fallen |
~ |
落下.跌倒 |
|
forbid |
forbad/forbade |
forbidden |
forbidding |
禁止.不许 |
|
give |
gave |
given |
giving |
给.提供.授予 |
|
grow |
grew |
grown |
~ |
生长.种植 |
|
forgive |
forgave |
forgiven |
forgiving |
原谅, 饶恕 |
|
know |
knew |
known |
~ |
知道 |
|
mistake |
mistook |
mistooken |
mistaking |
弄错; 误解, |
|
overeat |
overate |
overeaten |
~ |
(使)吃过量 |
|
prove |
proved |
proven/proved |
proving |
证明, 试验 |
|
take |
took |
taken |
taking |
拿.获得.接受 |
|
throw |
threw |
thrown |
~ |
抛.扔.掷 |
|
ride |
rode |
ridden |
riding |
骑.乘车 |
|
see |
saw |
seen |
~ |
看见.了解、领会 |
|
sew |
sewed |
sewn |
~ |
缝制.缝合 |
|
show |
showed |
showed/shown |
~ |
展示.出示.说明 |
|
shake |
shook |
shaken |
shaking |
摇动.震动 |
|
write |
wrote |
written |
writing |
写 |
(2)原形→过去式→过去式+(e)n
|
动词原形 |
过去式 |
过去分词 |
现在分词 |
词义 |
|
break |
broke |
broken |
~ |
打破.打碎 |
|
choose |
chose |
chosen |
choosing |
选择 |
|
get |
got |
got/gotten |
getting |
得到 |
|
hide |
hid |
hidden |
hiding |
隐藏 |
|
forget |
forgot |
forgotten |
forgetting |
忘记.忽略 |
|
freeze |
froze |
frozen |
freezing |
冷冻.结冰 |
|
speak |
spoke |
spoken |
~ |
说话.谈话.演讲 |
|
steal |
stole |
stolen |
~ |
偷窃.窃取.偷盗 |
(3)变单词在重读音节中的元音字母“i”分别为“a”（过去式）和“u”（过去分词）
[i→a →u]
|
动词原形 |
过去式 |
过去分词 |
现在分词 |
词义 |
|
begin |
began |
begun |
beginning |
开始 |
|
drink |
drank |
drunk |
~ |
喝 |
|
sing |
sang |
sung |
~ |
唱 |
|
sink |
sank |
sunk |
~ |
下沉, 沉没 |
|
swim |
swam |
swum |
swimming |
游泳 |
|
ring |
rang |
rung |
~ |
戒指.环围住 |
(4)其它
|
动词原形 |
过去式 |
过去分词 |
现在分词 |
词义 |
|
be(am,is,are) |
was/ were |
been |
~ |
是 |
|
bear |
bore |
born/borne |
~ |
负担, 忍受 |
|
do |
did |
done |
~ |
做 |
|
fly |
flew |
flown |
~ |
飞行 |
|
go |
went |
gone |
~ |
去 |
|
lie |
lay（lied） |
lain（lied） |
lying |
躺.位于（说谎） |
|
wear |
wore |
worn |
~ |
穿 |
|
bite |
bit |
bitten |
biting |
咬.刺痛 |
|
tear |
tore |
torn |
~ |
流泪.撕破.猛冲 |
注：“~”表示在动词原形后直接加ing
