雅思阅读高分成绩的取得对于雅思考试整体成绩有重要的影响，但是考生在掌握雅思阅读做题方法方面有一些偏差。下面合肥新航道小编为大家整理了雅思阅读题型全面解读，希望能对大家的备考过程提供更多的帮助和借鉴。

　　雅思阅读考试中所出现的文章是由真实的文章改写而成的。这些文章来源于诸如杂志、期刊、书籍和报纸等途径，与考生未来在大学课程中将阅读到的文章极为相似。文章还包括了非文字性的内容，比如图表、曲线图、以及画图等。文章的写作方式多样，比如记叙文、说明文或者议论文等文体。文章的内容包含即将学习本科、研究生课程或进行职业注册的考生所感兴趣的、与其认知程度相符的常见话题。其中，至少一篇文章会出现详尽的论述形式。所有文章总计长度约在2000到2750字之间。

　　雅思考试阅读(学术类)部分共有以下10钟题型，其中一些会有少许的变化。这些题型是：

　　题型一：选择　　——【样题】

　　题型二：填空

　　题型三：完成句子

　　题型四：完成笔记、总结、表格或流程图　　——【样题】

　　题型五：对图表进行标记　　——【样题】

　　题型六：为段落或文章的部分选择相对应的小标题　　——【样题】

　　题型七：寻找信息　　——【样题】

　　题型八：寻找作者观点、论点或文章中的具体信息　　——【样题】

　　题型九：分类

　　题型十：配对　　——【样题】

　　这里面的绝大多数题型和中国考生所熟悉的四六级考试或者国内英语考试都有很大的不同。在考生选择备考阅读的时候，不是盲目地任何题型平均分配时间。而是要根据一段时期内所出现的题型分布比重去安排备考的重点题型。

　　提示：

　　1.应仔细阅读题目的指示和说明，这些信息会告诉你在哪里寻找答案、需要如何回答问题、以及答案字数的限定。题目里的指示还会说明答案是否可以多次使用，并提醒你把答案转抄到答卷上。

　　2.注意大多数的题型下，题目出现的顺序和信息在文章中出现的顺序都是一致的。

　　3. 进行跳读、扫读练习，以便能在文章片段中快速寻找与题目相关的关键词。将关键词和词组用下划线标记出来，并注意题目中的关键词与文中关键词的联系。在大多数情况下(如填空题)，你所填写的答案需符合正确的语法要求。正确的单词拼写和词组搭配是非常重要的，出现错误是要被扣分的。

　　4.在大多数情况下，你可以在文章里找到需要填写的单词，并应将这个词仔细正确地抄在答卷上。运用笔记、表格、图表或流程图中的内容以及范例来预测答案所涉及的信息的类型。

　　5.在辅导课上，与同学和老师讨论每种题型下答案可能出现的形式。

　　6.熟悉同义词以及带有概括作用的词汇，这可以帮助你找到相关信息。

　　7. 练习如何用不同的方式表达相同的意思和信息。

　　8.思考某些信息之间有什么共性、又有什么不同之处。

　　9.题海战术并不能让考生按照希望的那样快速提高成绩，这对备考和英语学习是不利的。备考的过程中应该广泛阅读不同的材料，如报纸、期刊、杂志和书籍，并利用这些资源为备考服务。

　　10.注意熟悉不同的文体，并且练习如何更好地理解这些文体。在练习中熟悉所有雅思考试阅读(学术类)的题型。

　　11. 要注意阅读的方法不止一种。考试的主要任务是找到题目的答案，因此考试中运用的阅读技巧与你需要记忆内容时所用的阅读技巧是不同的。考试过程中不应过于担心出现的生词，同时应该在平时多加练习如何根据上下文的语义来猜测生词的意思，尽量不要用字典查每一个生词，而打断了阅读的连贯性。

　　12.在任何时候都要认真阅读题目的指示。如果不明确题目的要求，你是很容易出现混淆而导致出错的。

　　13.在阅读的时候应该注意时间限制，避免在某一道题目上花费过多的时间。

　　14.注意不要过于依赖于从文中寻找某个词来作答。你应该练习如何改述、在文中找到改述的内容。

题型一:雅思阅读选择题

　　一、题型特点“每次考试至少考一组，平均5个左右。 一般分为四选一和多选多。

　　(一)四选一

　　1.解题步骤 ：

　　(1)仔细读读题干和选项，弄清意思画出关键词。

　　(2)定位原文

　　A.题干如果包含年代，人名，地名，数字，专有名词，这些词肯定是关键词，且在原文中不会改变。

　　B.如果选项包含特殊词，也可定位。

　　C.如果原文有小标题，将题目的关键词与之对照，看能否对应原文的一个段落。

　　D.如果这篇文章有heading题时，将题目关键词与找出的各段heading对照，对应原文段落。 5)顺序性。题目和原文顺序基本一致。

　　(3)阅读原文相关文字，确定答案。

　　A.选项答案常常是原文相关词句改写。

　　B.直选和排除法结合。

　　2.注意事项

　　(1)含“意义”的词汇如must, always, all, will的选项，一般为错误选项。 含“相对意义”的词汇如can, may, sometimes, some, not always的选项，一般为正确选项。(正确率90%)

　　(2)如果一个选项合乎题意，还有注意是否有all of the above次选项。

　　(3)如果两个选项意思，结构类似，则二选一几率很大。

　　(4)如果选项包含数字，则其为正确选项的几率很小，但可以作为定位原文的依据。

　　(二)多选多

　　1.题型特点：

　　(1)多选多选项肯定是5个或者5个以上，而正确答案个数为2个或者2个以上。

　　(2) 正确答案数目是已知，题目会告诉。

　　(3) 答案在原文中集中出现。 注意事项 有种类型的题目要求in the correct oreder，应该注意：

　　A. 一般考做一件事情的过程，注意原文动词。

　　B. 正确答案顺序一般与原文叙述顺序一致。

　　C. 答案往往在原文中集中。 4 排步最重要。

(三)雅思阅读选择题样题

　　Academic Reading sample task – Multiple choice

　　[Note: This is an extract from an Academic Reading passage on the subject of government subsidies to farmers. The text preceding this extract explained how subsidies can lead to activities which cause uneconomical and irreversible changes to the environment.]

　　All these activities may have damaging environmental impacts. For example, land clearing for agriculture is the largest single cause of deforestation; chemical fertilisers and pesticides may contaminate water supplies; more intensive farming and the abandonment of fallow periods tend to exacerbate soil erosion; and the spread of monoculture and use of high-yielding varieties of crops have been accompanied by the disappearance of old varieties of food plants which might have provided some insurance against pests or diseases in future.Soil erosion threatens the productivity of land in both rich and poor countries. The United States, where the most careful measurements have been done, discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland was losing topsoil at a rate likely to diminish the soil's productivity. The country subsequently embarked upon a program to convert 11 per cent of its cropped land to meadow or forest. Topsoil in India and China is vanishing much faster than in America.

　　Government policies have frequently compounded the environmental damage that farming can cause. In the rich countries, subsidies for growing crops and price supports for farm output drive up the price of land. The annual value of these subsidies is immense: about $250 billion, or more than all World Bank lending in the 1980s. To increase the output of crops per acre, a farmer's easiest option is to use more of the most readily available inputs: fertilisers and pesticides. Fertiliser use doubled in Denmark in the period 1960-1985 and increased in The Netherlands by 150 per cent. The quantity of pesticides applied has risen too: by 69 per cent in 1975-1984 in Denmark, for example, with a rise of 115 per cent in the frequency of application in the three years from 1981.

　　In the late 1980s and early 1990s some efforts were made to reduce farm subsidies. The most dramatic example was that of New Zealand, which scrapped most farm support in 1984. A study of the environmental effects, conducted in 1993, found that the end of fertiliser subsidies had been followed by a fall in fertiliser use (a fall compounded by the decline in world commodity prices, which cut farm incomes). The removal of subsidies also stopped land-clearing and over-stocking, which in the past had been the principal causes of erosion. Farms began to diversify. The one kind of subsidy whose removal appeared to have been bad for the environment was the subsidy to manage soil erosion.

　　In less enlightened countries, and in the European Union, the trend has been to reduce rather than eliminate subsidies, and to introduce new payments to encourage farmers to treat their land in environmentally friendlier ways, or to leave it fallow. It may sound strange but such payments need to be higher than the existing incentives for farmers to grow food crops. Farmers, however, dislike being paid to do nothing. In several countries they have become interested in the possibility of using fuel produced from crop residues either as a replacement for petrol (as ethanol) or as fuel for power stations (as biomass). Such fuels produce far less carbon dioxide than coal or oil, and absorb carbon dioxide as they grow. They are therefore less likely to contribute to the greenhouse effect. But they are rarely competitive with fossil fuels unless subsidised - and growing them does no less environmental harm than other crops.

　　Academic Reading sample task – Multiple choice

　　Questions 10 – 12

　　Choose the appropriate letters A, B, C or D.

　　Write your answers in boxes 10-12 on your answer sheet.

　　10. Research completed in 1982 found that in the United States soil erosion

　　A reduced the productivity of farmland by 20 per cent.

　　B was almost as severe as in India and China.

　　C was causing significant damage to 20 per cent of farmland.

　　D could be reduced by converting cultivated land to meadow or forest.

　　11.By the mid-1980s, farmers in Denmark

　　A used 50 per cent less fertiliser than Dutch farmers.

　　B used twice as much fertiliser as they had in 1960.

　　C applied fertiliser much more frequently than in 1960.

　　D more than doubled the amount of pesticide they used in just 3 years.

　　12. Which one of the following increased in New Zealand after 1984?

　　A farm incomes

　　B use of fertiliser

　　C over-stocking

　　D farm diversification

　　Academic Reading sample task – Multiple choice

　　Answers:

　　10 C

　　11 B

　　12 D

题型二:雅思阅读填空题

　　摘要填空(summary)

　　(一) 题型特点：题目是小段文字，是原文或原文中的几个段落主要内容的缩写或改写。按摘要范围，分为全文摘要和部分段落摘要。现一般为部分段落摘要，信息来自原文连续的两三段，题目空格数目在5题左右。按填空类容，分为原文原词和从多个选项中选词。

　　(二)解题步骤：

　　1. 如果题目没有给出摘要的出处，仔细读句和原文对应。如果题目有给，此步不做。

　　2. 注意空格前后的词，在原文中找对应的词。对应词的特点：

　　(1)原词

　　(2)词性变化

　　(3)语态变化(主动/被动)

　　(4)同义词

　　(5)同义关系(原文A so B, 题目B because A)

　　(6)前后结合对应(题目A so B，原文D because C，其中A和C能对应，B和D能对应)

　　3. 结合空所在句子的意思和语法，确定正确答案。

　　4. 顺序性。题目的顺序和原文基本一致。

　　(三) 注意事项

　　1. 注意题目要求是否有字数限制。

　　2. 如果只能是原文中连续的几个词，不能改动。

　　3. 对于原文选词，越生僻的词越可能是答案;对于从选项中选词的，要看清要求是写词还是前面的字母。如果时间不够，对于从选项中选词的，可以直接选不看原文，但是要注意语法(正确率50%)。

题型三:雅思阅读完成句子题

　　(一) 题型特点：每个题目都是一个陈述句，但有一到两个空格，要求根据原文填空。目前考试中，一般为一个空，且在句子结尾处。 绝大多数有字数要求，如果没有，一般不会太长，不超过4个字。

　　(二)解题步骤：

　　1. 仔细读题，弄清题意画出关键词。

　　2. 定位原文

　　(1)题干如果包含年代，人名，地名，数字，专有名词，这些词肯定是关键词，且在原文中不会改变。

　　(2)如果原文有小标题，将题目的关键词与之对照，看能否对应原文的一个段落.。

　　(3)如果这篇文章有heading题时，将题目关键词与找出的各段heading对照，对应原文段落。

　　(4)顺序性。题目和原文顺序基本一致。

　　3 阅读原文相关文字，确定答案。

　　(三) 注意事项：

　　1. 填空答案必须符合语法。

　　2. 绝大部分答案来自原文原词。

　　3. 答案字数不会太长。 一般不超过4个字。

题型四:完成笔记、总结、表格或流程图样题

　　Academic Reading sample task – Table completion

　　[Note: This is an extract from an Academic Reading passage on the subject of dung beetles. The text preceding this extract gave some background facts about dung beetles, and went on to describe a decision to introduce non-native varieties to Australia.]

　　Introducing dung1 beetles into a pasture is a simple process: approximately 1,500 beetles are released, a handful at a time, into fresh cow pats2 in the cow pasture. The beetles immediately disappear beneath the pats digging and tunnelling and, if they successfully adapt to their new environment, soon become a permanent, self-sustaining part of the local ecology. In time they multiply and within three or four years the benefits to the pasture are obvious.

　　Dung beetles work from the inside of the pat so they are sheltered from predators such as birds and foxes. Most species burrow into the soil and bury dung in tunnels directly underneath the pats, which are hollowed out from within. Some large species originating from France excavate tunnels to a depth of approximately 30 cm below the dung pat. These beetles make sausage-shaped brood chambers along the tunnels. The shallowest tunnels belong to a much smaller Spanish species that buries dung in chambers that hang like fruit from the branches of a pear tree. South African beetles dig narrow tunnels of approximately 20 cm below the surface of the pat. Some surface-dwelling beetles, including a South African species, cut perfectly-shaped balls from the pat, which are rolled away and attached to the bases of plants.

　　For maximum dung burial in spring, summer and autumn, farmers require a variety of species with overlapping periods of activity. In the cooler environments of the state of Victoria, the large French species (2.5 cms long), is matched with smaller (half this size),

　　temperate-climate Spanish species. The former are slow to recover from the winter cold and produce only one or two generations of offspring from late spring until autumn. The latter, which multiply rapidly in early spring, produce two to five generations annually. The South African ball-rolling species, being a sub-tropical beetle, prefers the climate of northern and coastal New South Wales where it commonly works with the South African tunneling species. In warmer climates, many species are active for longer periods of the year.

　　Glossary

　　1. dung: the droppings or excreta of animals

　　2. cow pats: droppings of cows

　　Academic Reading sample task – Table completion

　　Question 9 – 13

　　Complete the table below.

　　Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

　　Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet

　　Academic Reading sample task – Table completion

　　Answers:

　　9 temperate

　　10 early spring

　　11 two to five / 2-5

　　12 sub-tropical

　　13 South African tunneling/tunnelling

　　Alternative answers are separated by a slash (/).

题型五:对图表进行标记样题

　　Academic Reading sample task – Diagram label completion

　　[Note: This is an extract from an Academic Reading passage on the subject of dung beetles. The text preceding this extract gave some background facts about dung beetles, and went on to describe a decision to introduce non-native varieties to Australia.]

　　Introducing dung1 beetles into a pasture is a simple process: approximately 1,500 beetles are released, a handful at a time, into fresh cow pats2 in the cow pasture. The beetles immediately disappear beneath the pats digging and tunnelling and, if they successfully

　　adapt to their new environment, soon become a permanent, self-sustaining part of the local ecology. In time they multiply and within three or four years the benefits to the pasture are obvious.

　　Dung beetles work from the inside of the pat so they are sheltered from predators such as birds and foxes. Most species burrow into the soil and bury dung in tunnels directly underneath the pats, which are hollowed out from within. Some large species originating from France excavate tunnels to a depth of approximately 30 cm below the dung pat. These beetles make sausage-shaped brood chambers along the tunnels. The shallowest tunnels belong to a much smaller Spanish species that buries dung in chambers that hang like fruit from the branches of a pear tree. South African beetles dig narrow tunnels of approximately 20 cm below the surface of the pat. Some surface-dwelling beetles, including a South African species, cut perfectly-shaped balls from the pat, which are rolled away and attached to the bases of plants.

　　For maximum dung burial in spring, summer and autumn, farmers require a variety of species with overlapping periods of activity. In the cooler environments of the state of Victoria, the large French species (2.5 cms long), is matched with smaller (half this size),temperate-climate Spanish species. The former are slow to recover from the winter cold and produce only one or two generations of offspring from late spring until autumn. The latter, which multiply rapidly in early spring, produce two to five generations annually. The South African ball-rolling species, being a sub-tropical beetle, prefers the climate of northern and coastal New South Wales where it commonly works with the South African tunneling species. In warmer climates, many species are active for longer periods of the year.

　　Glossary

　　1. dung: the droppings or excreta of animals

　　2. cow pats: droppings of cows

　　Academic Reading sample task – Diagram label completion

　　Questions 6 – 8

　　Label the tunnels on the diagram below using words from the box.

　　Write your answers in boxes 6-8 on your answer sheet.

　　Academic Reading sample task – Diagram label completion

　　Answers:

　　6 South African

　　7 French

　　8 Spanish

题型六:雅思阅读为段落或文章的部分选择相对应的小标题样题

　　Academic Reading sample task – Matching headings

　　Questions 1 – 5

　　Sample Passage 6 has six sections, A-F.

　　Choose the correct heading for sections A-D and F from the list of headings below.

　　Write the correct number i-ix in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet

　　1 Section A

　　2 Section B

　　3 Section C

　　4 Section

　　5 Section F

　　Academic Reading sample task – Matching headings

　　Section A

　　The role of governments in environmental management is difficult but inescapable. Sometimes, the state tries to manage the resources it owns, and does so badly. Often, however, governments act in an even more harmful way. They actually subsidise the exploitation and

　　consumption of natural resources. A whole range of policies, from farm-price support to protection for coal-mining, do environmental damage and (often) make no economic sense. Scrapping them offers a two-fold bonus: a cleaner environment and a more efficient economy. Growth and environmentalism can actually go hand in hand, if politicians have the courage to confront the vested interest that subsidies create.

　　Section B

　　No activity affects more of the earth's surface than farming. It shapes a third of the planet's land area, not counting Antarctica, and the proportion is rising. World food output per head has risen by 4 per cent between the 1970s and 1980s mainly as a result of increases in yields from land already in cultivation, but also because more land has been brought under the plough. Higher yields have been achieved by increased irrigation, better crop breeding, and a doubling in the use of pesticides and chemical fertilisers in the 1970s and 1980s.

　　Section C

　　All these activities may have damaging environmental impacts. For example, land clearing for agriculture is the largest single cause of deforestation; chemical fertilisers and pesticides may contaminate water supplies; more intensive farming and the abandonment of fallow periods tend to exacerbate soil erosion; and the spread of monoculture and use of high-yielding varieties of crops have been accompanied by the disappearance of old varieties of food plants which might have provided some insurance against pests or diseases in future. Soil erosion threatens the productivity of land in both rich and poor countries. The United States, where the most careful measurements have been done, discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland was losing topsoil at a rate likely to diminish the soil's productivity. The country subsequently embarked upon a program to convert 11 per cent of its cropped land to meadow or forest. Topsoil in India and China is vanishing much faster than in America.

　　Section D

　　Government policies have frequently compounded the environmental damage that farming can cause. In the rich countries, subsidies for growing crops and price supports for farm output drive up the price of land. The annual value of these subsidies is immense: about $250 billion, or more than all World Bank lending in the 1980s. To increase the output of crops per acre, a farmer's easiest option is to use more of the most readily available inputs: fertilisers and pesticides. Fertiliser use doubled in Denmark in the period 1960-1985 and increased in The Netherlands by 150 per cent. The quantity of pesticides applied has risen too: by 69 per cent in 1975-1984 in Denmark, for example, with a rise of 115 per cent in the frequency of application in the three years from 1981.

　　In the late 1980s and early 1990s some efforts were made to reduce farm subsidies. The most dramatic example was that of New Zealand, which scrapped most farm support in 1984. A study of the environmental effects, conducted in 1993, found that the end of fertiliser subsidies had been followed by a fall in fertiliser use (a fall compounded by the decline in world commodity prices, which cut farm incomes). The removal of subsidies also stopped land-clearing and over-stocking, which in the past had been the principal causes of erosion. Farms began to diversify. The one kind of subsidy whose removal appeared to have been bad for the environment was the subsidy to manage soil erosion.

　　Academic Reading sample task – Matching headings

　　In less enlightened countries, and in the European Union, the trend has been to reduce rather than eliminate subsidies, and to introduce new payments to encourage farmers to treat their land in environmentally friendlier ways, or to leave it fallow. It may sound strange but such payments need to be higher than the existing incentives for farmers to grow food crops. Farmers, however, dislike being paid to do nothing. In several countries they have become interested in the possibility of using fuel produced from crop residues either as a replacement for petrol (as ethanol) or as fuel for power stations (as biomass). Such fuels produce far less carbon dioxide than coal or oil, and absorb carbon dioxide as they grow. They are therefore less likely to contribute to the greenhouse effect. But they are rarely competitive with fossil fuels unless subsidised - and growing them does no less environmental harm than other crops.

　　Section E

　　In poor countries, governments aggravate other sorts of damage. Subsidies for pesticides and artificial fertilisers encourage farmers to use greater quantities than are needed to get the highest economic crop yield. A study by the International Rice Research Institute of pesticide use by farmers in South East Asia found that, with pest-resistant varieties of rice, even moderate applications of pesticide frequently cost farmers more than they saved. Such waste puts farmers on a chemical treadmill: bugs and weeds become resistant to poisons, so next year's poisons must be more lethal. One cost is to human health. Every year some 10,000 people die from pesticide poisoning, almost all of them in the developing countries, and another 400,000 become seriously ill. As for artificial fertilisers, their use world-wide increased by 40 per cent per unit of farmed land between the mid 1970s and late 1980s, mostly in the developing countries. Overuse of fertilisers may cause farmers to stop rotating crops or leaving their land fallow. That, in turn, may make soil erosion worse.

　　Section F

　　A result of the Uruguay Round of world trade negotiations is likely to be a reduction of 36 per cent in the average levels of farm subsidies paid by the rich countries in 1986-1990. Some of the world's food production will move from Western Europe to regions where subsidies are lower or non-existent, such as the former communist countries and parts of the developing world. Some environmentalists worry about this outcome. It will undoubtedly mean more pressure to convert natural habitat into farmland. But it will also have many desirable environmental effects. The intensity of farming in the rich world should decline, and the use of chemical inputs will diminish. Crops are more likely to be grown in the environments to which they are naturally suited. And more farmers in poor countries will have the money and the incentive to manage their land in ways that are sustainable in the long run. That is important. To feed an increasingly hungry world, farmers need every incentive to use their soil and water effectively and efficiently.

　　Academic Reading sample task – Matching headings

　　Answers:

　　1 v

　　2 vii

　　3 ii

　　4 iv

　　5 i

题型七:雅思阅读寻找信息样题

　　Academic Reading sample task – Identifying information

　　The motor car

　　A There are now over 700 million motor vehicles in the world - and the number is rising by more than 40 million each year. The average distance driven by car users is growing too - from 8km a day per person in western Europe in 1965 to 25 km a day in 1995. This dependence on motor vehicles has given rise to major problems, including environmental pollution, depletion of oil resources, traffic congestion and safety.

　　B While emissions from new cars are far less harmful than they used to be, city streets and motorways are becoming more crowded than ever, often with older trucks, buses and taxis which emit excessive levels of smoke and fumes. This concentration of vehicles makes air quality in urban areas unpleasant and sometimes dangerous to breathe. Even Moscow has joined the list of capitals afflicted by congestion and traffic fumes. In Mexico City, vehicle pollution is a major health hazard.

　　C Until a hundred years ago, most journeys were in the 20km range, the distance conveniently accessible by horse. Heavy freight could only be carried by water or rail. Invention of the motor vehicle brought personal mobility to the masses and made rapid freight delivery possible over a much wider area. In the United Kingdom, about 90 per cent of inland freight is carried by road. The world cannot revert to the horse-drawn wagon. Can it avoid being locked into congested and polluting ways of transporting people and goods?

　　D In Europe most cities are still designed for the old modes of transport. Adaptation to the motor car has involved adding ring roads, one-way systems and parking lots. In the United States, more land is assigned to car use than to housing. Urban sprawl means that life without a car is next to impossible. Mass use of motor vehicles has also killed or injured millions of people. Other social effects have been blamed on the car such as alienation and aggressive human behaviour.

　　E A 1993 study by the European Federation for Transport and Environment found that car transport is seven times as costly as rail travel in terms of the external social costs it entails - congestion, accidents, pollution, loss of cropland and natural habitats, depletion of oil resources, and so on. Yet cars easily surpass trains or

　　Academic Reading sample task – Identifying information

　　buses as a flexible and convenient mode of personal transport. It is unrealistic to expect people to give up private cars in favour of mass transit.

　　Academic Reading sample task – Identifying information

　　F Technical solutions can reduce the pollution problem and increase the fuelled efficiency of engines. But fuel consumption and exhaust emissions depend on which cars are preferred by customers and how they are driven. Many people buy larger cars than they need for daily purposes or waste fuel by driving aggressively. Besides, global car use is increasing at a faster rate than the improvement in emissions and fuel efficiency which technology is now making possible.

　　G Some argue that the only long-term solution is to design cities and neighbourhoods so that car journeys are not necessary - all essential services being located within walking distance or easily accessible by public transport. Not only would this save energy and cut carbon dioxide emissions, it would also enhance the quality of community life, putting the emphasis on people instead of cars. Good local government is already bringing this about in some places. But few democratic communities are blessed with the vision – and the capital – to make such profound changes in modern lifestyles.

　　H A more likely scenario seems to be a combination of mass transit systems for travel into and around cities, with small ‘low emission’ cars for urban use and larger hybrid or lean burn cars for use elsewhere. Electronically tolled highways might be used to ensure that drivers pay charges geared to actual road use. Better integration of transport systems is also highly desirable - and made more feasible by modern computers. But these are solutions for countries which can afford them. In most developing countries, old cars and old technologies continue to predominate

　　Academic Reading sample task – Identifying information

　　Questions 14 – 19

　　Sample Passage 7 has eight paragraphs labelled A-H.

　　Which paragraphs contains the following information?

　　Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.

　　NB You may use any letter more than once.

　　14 a comparison of past and present transportation meth

　　15 how driving habits contribute to road problems

　　16 the relative merits of cars and public transport

　　17 the writer’s prediction on future solutions

　　18 the increasing use of motor vehicles

　　19 the impact of the car on city development

　　Academic Reading sample task – Identifying information

　　Answers:

　　14 C

　　15 F

　　16 E

　　17 H

　　18 A

　　19 D

题型八:寻找作者观点、论点或文章中的具体信息——样题

　　Academic Reading sample task – Identifying writer’s views/claims

　　The Risks of Cigarette Smoke

　　Discovered in the early 1800s and named ‘nicotianine’, the oily essence now called nicotine is the main active ingredient of tobacco. Nicotine, however, is only a small component of cigarette smoke, which contains more than 4,700 chemical compounds, including 43 cancer-causing substances. In recent times, scientific research has been providing evidence that years of cigarette smoking vastly increases the risk of developing fatal medical conditions.

　　In addition to being responsible for more than 85 per cent of lung cancers, smoking is associated with cancers of, amongst others, the mouth, stomach and kidneys, and is thought to cause about 14 per cent of leukemia and cervical cancers. In 1990, smoking caused more than 84,000 deaths, mainly resulting from such problems as pneumonia, bronchitis and influenza. Smoking, it is believed, is responsible for 30 per cent of all deaths from cancer and clearly

　　represents the most important preventable cause of cancer in countries like the United States today.

　　Passive smoking, the breathing in of the side-stream smoke from the burning of tobacco between puffs or of the smoke exhaled by a smoker, also causes a serious health risk. A report published in 1992 by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emphasized the health dangers, especially from side-stream smoke. This type of smoke contains more smaller particles and is therefore more likely to be deposited deep in the lungs. On the basis of this report, the EPA has classified environmental tobacco smoke in the highest risk category for causing cancer.

　　As an illustration of the health risks, in the case of a married couple where one partner is a smoker and one a non-smoker, the latter is believed to have a 30 per cent higher risk of death from heart disease because of passive smoking. The risk of lung cancer also increases over the years of exposure and the figure jumps to 80 per cent if the spouse has been smoking four packs a day for 20 years. It has been calculated that 17 per cent of cases of lung cancer can be attributed to high levels of exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke during childhood and adolescence.

　　A more recent study by researchers at the University of California at San Francisco (UCSF) has shown that second-hand cigarette smoke does more harm to non-smokers than to smokers. Leaving aside the philosophical question of whether anyone should have to breathe someone else’s cigarette smoke, the report suggests that the smoke experienced by many people in their daily lives is enough to produce substantial adverse effects on a person’s heart and lungs.

　　Academic Reading sample task – Identifying writer’s views/claims

　　The report, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (AMA), was based on the researchers’ own earlier research but also includes a review of studies over the past few years. The American Medical Association represents about half of all US doctors and is a strong opponent of smoking. The study suggests that people who smoke cigarettes are continually damaging their cardiovascular system, which adapts in order to compensate for the effects of smoking. It further states that people who do not smoke do not have the benefit of their system adapting to the smoke inhalation. Consequently, the effects of passive smoking are far greater on non-smokers than on smokers.

　　This report emphasizes that cancer is not caused by a single element in cigarette smoke; harmful effects to health are caused by many components. Carbon monoxide, for example, competes with oxygen in red blood cells and interferes with the blood’s ability to deliver life-giving oxygen to the heart. Nicotine and other toxins in cigarette smoke activate small blood cells called platelets, which increases the likelihood of blood clots, thereby affecting blood circulation throughout the body.

　　The researchers criticize the practice of some scientific consultants who work with the tobacco industry for assuming that cigarette smoke has the same impact on smokers as it does on non-smokers. They argue that those scientists are underestimating the damage done by passive smoking and, in support of their recent findings, cite some previous research which points to passive smoking as the cause for between 30,000 and 60,000 deaths from heart attacks each year in the United States. This means that passive smoking is the third

　　most preventable cause of death after active smoking and alcohol-related diseases

　　The study argues that the type of action needed against passive smoking should be similar to that being taken against illegal drugs and AIDS (SIDA). The UCSF researchers maintain that the simplest and most cost-effective action is to establish smoke-free work places, schools and public places.Academic Reading sample task – Identifying writer’s views/claims

　　Questions 4 – 7

　　Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in the reading passage?

　　In boxes 4-7 on your answer sheet write

　　YES if the statement reflects the claims of the writer

　　NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

　　NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

　　4 Thirty per cent of deaths in the United States are caused by smoking-related

　　diseases.

　　5 If one partner in a marriage smokes, the other is likely to take up smoking.

　　6 Teenagers whose parents smoke are at risk of getting lung cancer at some time

　　during their lives.

　　7 Opponents of smoking financed the UCSF study

　　Academic Reading sample task – Identifying writer’s views/claims

　　Answers:

　　4 NO

　　5 NOT GIVEN

　　6 YES

　　7 NOT GIVEN

题型九:雅思阅读分类

　　题型十:雅思阅读配对——样题

　　Academic Reading sample task – Matching features

　　[Note: This is an extract from an Academic Reading passage on the development of rockets. The text preceding this extract explored the slow development of the rocket and explained the principle of propulsion.]

　　The invention of rockets is linked inextricably with the invention of 'black powder'. Most historians of technology credit the Chinese with its discovery. They base their belief on studies of Chinese writings or on the notebooks of early Europeans who settled in or made long visits to China to study its history and civilisation. It is probable that, some time in the tenth century, black powder was first compounded from its basic ingredients of saltpetre, charcoal and sulphur. But this does not mean that it was immediately used to propel rockets. By the thirteenth century, powder-propelled fire arrows had become rather common. The Chinese relied on this type of technological development to produce incendiary projectiles of many sorts, explosive grenades and possibly cannons to repel their enemies. One such weapon was the 'basket of fire' or, as directly translated from Chinese, the 'arrows like flying leopards'.The 0.7 metre-long arrows, each with a long tube of gunpowder attached near the point of each arrow, could be fired from a long, octagonal-shaped basket at the sametime and had a range of 400 paces. Another weapon was the 'arrow as a flying sabre', which could be fired from crossbows. The rocket, placed in a similar position to other rocket-propelled arrows, was designed to increase the range. A small iron weight was attached to the 1.5m bamboo shaft, just below the feathers, to increase the arrow's stability by moving the centre of gravity to a position below the rocket. At a similar time, the Arabs had developed the 'egg which moves and burns'. This 'egg' was apparently full of gunpowder and stabilised by a 1.5m tail. It was fired using tworockets attached to either side of this tail.

　　It was not until the eighteenth century that Europe became seriously interested in the possibilities of using the rocket itself as a weapon of war and not just to propel other weapons. Prior to this, rockets were used only in pyrotechnic displays. The incentive for the more aggressive use of rockets came not from within the European continent but from far-away India, whose leaders had built up a corps of rocketeers and used rockets successfully against the British in the late eighteenth century. The Indian rockets used against the British were described by a British Captain serving in India as ‘an iron envelope about 200 millimetres long and 40 millimetres in diameter with sharp points at the top and a 3m-long bamboo guiding stick’. In the early nineteenth century the British began to experiment with incendiary barrage rockets. The British rocket differed from the Indian version in that it was completely encased in a stout, iron cylinder, terminating in a conical head, measuring one metre in diameter and having a stick almost five metres long and constructed in such a way that it could be firmly attached to the body of the rocket. The Americans developed a rocket, complete with its own launcher, to use against the Mexicans in the mid-nineteenth century. A long cylindrical tube was propped up by two sticks and fastened to the top of the launcher, thereby allowing the rockets to be inserted and lit from the other end. However, the results were sometimes not that impressive as the behaviour of the rockets in flight was less than predictable.

　　Academic Reading sample task – Matching features

　　Questions 7 – 10

　　Look at the following items (Questions 7-10) and the list of groups below.

　　Match each item with the group which first invented or used them.

　　Write the correct letter A-E in boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet.

　　NB You may use any letter more than once.

　　7 black powder

　　8 rocket-propelled arrows for fighting

　　9 rockets as war weapons

　　10 the rocket launcher

　　Academic Reading sample task – Matching features

　　Answers:

　　7 A

　　8 A

　　9 B

　　10 E