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有不少烤鸭感叹于雅思写作范文中的词汇使用“灵活”,却苦于不知道这种“灵活”如何实现。蔡基刚老师在《英语写作与抽象名词表达》一书中对抽象名词的作用和使用进行了详细描述。本文选取了书中的一些例子,并与雅思考官范文的例子进行比较,以此帮助烤鸭们初步了解抽象名词在大作文中的使用,在一定程度上突破词汇使用的局限。
抽象名词使用之——简洁
如果你苦于自己的文字表达啰嗦冗长,那么抽象名词可以帮你的忙。
a. He spends nearly 3 hours on watching sports events. The fact that he was completely absorbed in sport interfered with his studies.
b. He spends nearly 3 hours on watching sports events. His complete absorption interfered with his studies.
很显然,b句当中的抽象名词absorption替代了a句当中的同位语从句,表达上面却简
洁精练得多。类似的例子还体现在下面的两个句子中,大家可以体会一下抽象名词给原句带来的变化:
a. The fact that we lack manners which are standardized results in an often angry,
chaotic society.
b. The lack of standardization of manners results in an often angry, chaotic society. (《21世纪大学英语4》)
在某些条件或者原因状语从句当中,抽象名词也能起到简化句子的作用:
a. If an official of the Government shows discourtesy to Chinese persons, he will be immediately dismissed.
b. Any discourtesy shown to Chinese persons by any official of the Government will be cause for immediate dismissal.
a. They constantly declare in interviews that they choose their clothes because they are easy, comfortable, convenient and practical.
b. They constantly declare in interviews that they choose their clothes for ease, comfort, convenience and practicality.
在雅思考官的范文中我们也能发现抽象名词让句子变简洁的例子:
Some jobs are repetitive and boring, and labour relations may be poor and lead to resentment and insecurity rather than to job satisfaction. (剑7P167)
这个句中的名词部分实际上替换了…and people may feel insecure…这样的部分。
抽象名词使用之——生动
除了略去句子中的啰嗦成分,抽象名词与表示人的动作搭配使用可以起到拟人的效果,这样句子也会更加生动。
A writer who introduces material that is not directly related to a paragraph’s topic runs the risk of losing his reader. (American English Rhetoric)
接下来看看雅思考官的文章里这样的短语给人带来的“地道感”:
Those people who believe they have achieved some security by doing the same, familiar things are living in denial.
抽象名词使用之——变化/衔接
抽象名词在句子可以用来替换文章前面所提过的内容,从而能够避免文章的重复性。
Red-light running has always been ranked as a minor wrong, and so it may be in individual instances. When the violation become habitual, widespread and incessant, however, a great deal more than a traffic management problem is involved. (《英美报刊文选》)
正是因为抽象名词的意思往往含糊宽泛,其正在含义需要根据上下文意确定,在使用抽象名词的同时可以起到衔接篇章的作用。
e.g. Despite this, many central city areas have experienced a decrease in population since the mid-1960s, as suburbs grew. This loss is not the result of people’s returning to live on farms or in villages.
雅思考官范文中这样的例子也很普遍:
While it is undeniable that private car use is one of the main causes of the increase in traffic and pollution, higher fuel costs are unlikely to limit the number of drivers for long. As this policy would also affect the cost of public transport, it would be very unpopular with everyone who needs to travel on roads.
显然,第二句中的policy与的“提高油价”相呼应,这个名词能够衔接前面讲述的内容,使文章更有逻辑性和条理性。
当然,这里所例举的例子是有限的。但各位烤鸭不妨从本文中探寻到另外一种看范文的眼光——在原汁原味的英语文章中找找抽象名词的踪迹。从简洁、生动、变化、衔接这几个方面考虑抽象名词的使用方式,并且尝试使用在自己的写作练习中。
本文由合肥新航道学校提供,专业的雅思/托福/个性化/外教口语培训,为学员插上理想的翅膀。衷心祝愿各位同学都能学到真正的知识与能力,并在考试中取得理想的成绩,拥有一个美好的未来。
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