托福口语突破 Week 4 | Task 4 解题技巧 & 高分模板

托福口语的Task 4 是总论/ 具体题，也叫概念/ 例子题 (concept / examples)，它涉及的步骤与 Task 3（见上篇文章《托福口语突破 Week 3 | Task 3 解题技巧 & 高分模板》） 基本一样，二者的主要区别在于第四题涉及学术场景 (academic situation)，而Task 3 涉及校园场景。Task 4包含三个步骤：

1. 阅读一个学术性的小段落（长度为75-100词，时间为40-45秒）
2. 听教授就该学术话题发表的演讲片段
3. 根据阅读部分与听力部分回答问题

准备阶段

Task 4 的准备与Task 3 的准备基本一样，重点依然是阅读小段落（回答问题时不会再出现在屏幕上）的笔记与讲座部分的笔记。做阅读小段落的笔记时，要注意下列方面：

1. 核心概念的名称
2. 核心概念的含义
3. 核心概念所包含的分类
 
做讲座部分的笔记时，注意讲座内容与阅读部分的关系。由于二者通常为总分关系，所以要根据阅读部分的概念特征寻找他们在讲座中的具体体现。
 
在准备阶段，不用另列提纲，只需根据阅读段落时与听听力时所做的笔记回答问题。
例如：
2006年12月8日托福考试口语 Task 4真题
阅读部分原文：
Outsider Artists
 
Outsider Art is a term used to describe art that is made by people who choose to live and work outside society. The artists who produce this kind of art --- Outsider Art --- work in isolation from other artists and have little or no formal artistic training. Because they do not learn conventional artistic techniques from teachers or other artists, outsider artists must invent their own ways of doing things. As a result of the unconventional methods that outsider artists often use, their work can look strange and not at all like traditional art to the observer.
 
笔记
1. Outsider artists
2. Def (=definition): artist on edge of soc.
3. Identity. feature:
a. Live in small cir., iso. & hard to find ← live alone
b. Little formal train of tech. & skills
c. Approach unique ← no trad. art train.; work much dif. From soc. norm ← no touch with soc.
讲座原文:
All right, let’s consider the work of the outsider artist --- Henry Darger. Darger lived by himself in a tiny apartment in Chicago in the 1900s. He had no friends and spent all his spare time alone creating hundreds of paintings and drawings. He had never formally studied painting and kept his painting completely private, so no one ever saw it or responded to it during his life time. So when you see Darger’s work, you notice how unique it is. Is doesn’t remind you of anything you ever seen before, it’s very much his own. For example, one piece --- it is a water color painting. In this piece he illustrates a story about the adventures of seven children. But see, Darger had a really hard time drawing human figures, yet he managed to come up with his own rather unique solution to the problem. He simply cut out pictures of children from newspapers and magazines, and pasted them into his own illustration of trees, lowers and grass. The result looks a little strange. Darger’s picture looks more cluttered, more crowed with details than pictures of other artists. Because its entire surface’s painted and there are no surfaces left empty. It’s also a bit longer than pictures of most artists, about none feet long.
 
笔记
1. Topic: an example of O.A. (=outsider artists) --- Darger Chica
2. Life: alone, no friend, painting → no one saw / response
3. Painting: unique
4. Watercolor p. (=painting) adven of 7 child
5. hard draw human flg, cut fr. mage / news & paste into this p.
6. strange ← more details, longer (9 ft)  

正式回答

回答Task 4时，应该注意以下几点：

1. 务必指出阅读小段落与讲座之间的关系（指出是例证关系还是反驳关系）；
2. 必须兼顾阅读小段落的内容与讲座的内容（以讲座为主，但是必须提供阅读小段落的充分信息）；
3. 陈述学生的意见并阐述持此意见的两大理由（一般都是两大理由）；
4. 使用引用语言和表示阅读部分与听力部分关系的语言（给评分老师减轻负担）；
5. 不得发表自己的看法（只能总结、转述、综合阅读小段落与听力部分的内容）；
6. 直接对麦克风进行清楚的表达（一开始就调好麦克风的位置与音量）
7. 语速适中，不要太快或太慢（要表达清楚，不要求快---快不是流利的标志）；
8. 注意发音与语调（不要过于担心自己的口音，但要口齿清楚）；
9. 使用熟悉的词汇与结构（过于复杂的词汇与结构对考生与评分老师都是挑战）

语言与结构

Task 4 的语言主要涉及总分关系、定义描述、特征分类与应用等

1. 总分关系
1) . 阅读小段落的话题
回答Task 4时需要首先交代阅读小段落的话题。例如，
A. The reading is about ...
B. The passage discusses ...
C. The reading gives an overall view of ...
 
2) 讲座的话题
陈述讲座的话题时需要提到其中一些具体的观点与例子。例如，
A. The professor talks specifically about ....
B. The speaker gives two specific examples of ...
 
2. 定义描述
阅读小段落一般对话题进行定义或总的描述。回答时应该复述这些信息。例如，
1. ...refers to ...
2. According to the reading, ...
 
3. 特征分类
阅读小段落通常描述话题所涉及的对象的两三件特征或将对象分成几大类。例如，
1. According to the lecture, there are two types of ... One is ... The other is ... 
2. There are three characteristics that ... The first one is ... The second characteristics is ... The third characteristics is ...
 
4. 应用
考生需要明确指出所谈论的信息是来自阅读小段落还是来自讲座。例如，
1. The reading says that ...
2. The professor says that ...

高分模板
Task 4 的模板可以按照两种方式设计。种是从讲座入手，必要是加入阅读小段落的内容。第二种是从阅读小段落的内容入手，然后复述讲座内容并阐述讲座与阅读部分之间的关系。种方式操作难度较大，所以下面介绍第二种方式，即一般模板必须包含的内容：
 
1. 阅读时的总话题
2. 阅读总话题所包含的二之三个主要的特征或分类
3. 讲座的具体话题
4. 讲座的具体话题与阅读内容的联系（即讲座如何例证或应用阅读的内容）

模板一
The reading discuss ____. ____ means that ____. In other words, ____. The reading says ____. In addition, ____.
 
The professor talks about two examples of ____. One example is ____. ____. So ____ is an example of ____ because ____. The other example is ____. Like the reading said, ____. So ____ is an example of ____, too.
 
模板二
The professor discussed ____. One is ____, and the other is ____. According to the reading, one aspect of ____. The lecture says that ____. ____. Another characteristics of ____. The professor says that ____. ____. Thus, ____.